Zelentsova M.G., Kleyman M.B.
SYNERGETICS AS AN EXPLANATORY PRINCIPLE IN PERSONALITY FORMATION *
Аннотация:
environmentalists or nurturers to attribute behavior to genes. The fundamental tenet of environmentalism is that human evolutionary progress depends on adaptability, or the capacity to change in a variety of ways that significantly influence the development of personality. The study makes an effort to address how this argument can be impacted by synergetics, an interdisciplinary field of study that explains how patterns and structures arise and self-organize in open systems that are far from thermodynamic equilibrium.
Ключевые слова:
nature, nurture, human being, value, value orientations, Synergetics
Hermann Haken founded the interdisciplinary field of synergetics (Greek: “working together”) in 1969, but its origins may be found in Alexander Bogdanov’s Tectology, which he defined as “the aim of Tectology is the systematization of organized experience” through the identification of universal organizational principles: "all things are organizational, all complexes could only be understood through their organizational character. This is (historically) the first identification of philosophical "complexes" in the natural sciences, to denote a combination of elements of "activity – resistance." Bogdanov believed that any complex should adapt to its environment, meaning that “nature” and “nurture” should inevitably correspond to one another, but also stable and organized complexes.Perhaps the implications of the fundamental ideas of synergetics to understanding the nature versus nurture problem are linked with the concepts of "strong" and "weak" emergence. In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence is the way complex systems and patterns arise out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interactions and is central to the theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. Synergetics focuses on the spontaneous, i.e., self-organized emergence of new qualities which may be structures, processes, or functions (Haken 2004).The two views of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence" can be used to broadly categorize the application of the notion of emergence. New features that arise in systems as a result of elemental-level interactions are referred to as weak emergence. In this instance, emergence is just a component of the vocabulary or model required to explain the behavior of a system.However, if one is ready to accept that a system supervenes on its components, then it becomes challenging to explain the reason of an emergent trait. This is because systems might have characteristics that are not directly traceable to the systems components, but rather to the way those components interact. The components of the system cannot be reduced to these new attributes (Laughlin 2005). The total is larger than the sum of its parts. This view of emergence is called strong emergence. Some fields in which strong emergence are more widely used include etiology, epistemology and ontology.The Individual and Culture: Are Nature and Nurture Working Together?Drawing on discoveries in cognitive sciences, Naomi Quinn and Claudia Strauss (1989) start with the idea that any culture is both (1) a network of shared understandings and (2) a changing product involving negotiation by its individual members. Schema theory, which is well-known in cognitive science, is cited by Quinn and Strauss. (Casson 1983). This theory holds that memories are shaped to fit present expectations by the mind creating schemata to filter new experiences and reconstruct former experiences. Connectionism, or the notion that items that frequently occur together in a persons experience become strongly correlated in that persons mind, is linked to schema theory. When a collection of related experiences creates a network of powerful mental associations, a schema is created.Schemata provide simplified versions of experience, so one can remember the typical, or modal, event rather than the unusual one. But as people mature, their schemata become more rigid. More often than not, they adapt new experiences to match the preexisting pattern. The propensity to rely on modal mental representations is one of the reasons why persons in the same culture share schemata. Because schemas contain both conscious and unconscious components of various kinds, including cognitive, emotional, and motivational ones, they have a significant impact on human behavior. According to synergetics, emotions and cognition collaborate while participating in the development of schemas. There are unifying and dividing factors in society. While shared schemata are accumulated from shared experiences, unique schemata are the result of unique individual experiences. Millions of people in contemporary countries share certain schemata as a result of their exposure to the media. Individual innovation, disagreement, resistance, and change are all allowed under schema theory. Individuals are not destined to replicate every pattern they saw as children. Adult conduct can be modeled after new social alternatives. Conscious involvement can change associations, and fresh experiences can generate new associations. Behavior (and society) can shift in these ways. Both similarities and differences will exist between our childrens schemata and conduct. The book An Instinct for Dragons discusses these schemata, with anthropologist David Jones proposing that humans, like monkeys, have inherited instinctive reactions to snakes, large cats, and birds of prey. According to Jones, folklore dragons have features that are combinations of these three, which would explain why dragons with similar features appear in stories from independent cultures across all continents. Other authors have suggested that, particularly when under the influence of drugs or in childrens dreams, this instinct may give rise to fantasies and nightmares about dragons, snakes, spiders, etc., which makes these symbols common in drug culture and childrens fairy tales. However, the conventional mainstream explanation for folklore dragons does not rely on human instinct, but rather on, but on the assumption that fossils of, for example, dinosaurs gave rise to similar fantasies all over the world. Conclusion.Synergetic principles state that self-organization results in a significant decrease in the systems degrees of freedom (entropy), which, when seen macroscopically, increases "order" (pattern-formation). The specifics of the subsystems microscopic interconnections have little bearing on this extensive macroscopic organization. This supposedly explains the self-organization of human beings. While we reduce the human nature to simple fundamental laws, perhaps we ignore the multidimensional and non-linear character of human being as a system marked with the interconnectedness between nature and nurture, between soul and body, between individual and society. Therefore, both types of factors tend to play interacting roles in development of the individual.We can presume that human nature is indeed flexible because synergetics is an interdisciplinary branch of study that focuses on the self-organized creation of new properties of material and immaterial systems. However, this malleability has significant limitations. Some biological and social phenomena, like cultural traditions and genetic patterns of brain development, were the cause of these limits. In accordance with the basic principles of synergetics, the current global situation can perhaps be understood in terms of conflicting and heterogeneous worldviews, rather than in terms of a linear transition towards modernity, which has been developed since the Enlightenment. It is hardly possible unless we are “working together” to develop a cross-cultural, interdisciplinary approach in understanding the nature of humans and the global problems of the society.
Номер журнала Вестник науки №12 (81) том 3
Ссылка для цитирования:
Zelentsova M.G., Kleyman M.B. SYNERGETICS AS AN EXPLANATORY PRINCIPLE IN PERSONALITY FORMATION // Вестник науки №12 (81) том 3. С. 1308 - 1312. 2024 г. ISSN 2712-8849 // Электронный ресурс: https://www.вестник-науки.рф/article/19886 (дата обращения: 20.07.2025 г.)
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