Memmedov E.F., Muradova R.E.
AUTOMATIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTIONAL ROLE *
Аннотация:
the automation of electrical power supply systems, with a focus on modern technologies like SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) and plc (programmable logic controllers), plays a crucial role in guaranteeing stable, efficient, and secure energy delivery. The research emphasizes how automation improves operational reliability, minimizes human mistakes, and optimizes energy consumption. Numerous applications in industrial plants, high-voltage transmission lines, smart buildings, and utility services are analyzed. Additionally, the paper examines the benefits and drawbacks of automation, and its potential for advancement through the integration of artificial intelligence and smart grid technologies. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of automation in shaping the future of energy systems and highlights the need for continuous research and professional growth in this field.
Ключевые слова:
electrical automation, SCADA, plc, power supply systems, smart grid, energy management, control systems, industrial automation, future technologies, sustainable energy
Automation of Power Supply.The automation of power supply systems is a vital advancement in modern electrical engineering, aimed at improving reliability, efficiency, and control of electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. As global demand for energy increases, and as energy infrastructures become more complex, the need for automated systems that can operate with minimal human intervention has grown substantially. Power automation encompasses a range of technologies, including intelligent sensors, communication networks, control algorithms, protection systems, and supervisory software that work together to ensure uninterrupted power delivery and system stability.One of the main goals of automating the power supply is to minimize outages and reduce operational costs while improving the safety and responsiveness of the entire electrical network. Automated systems can detect faults, analyzing data in real-time, and performing corrective actions without human input. For example, in the event of a short circuit or equipment failure, the system can automatically isolate the faulty section, reroute power through alternative paths, and notify operators—all within seconds. This rapid fault response reduces downtime and helps protect critical infrastructure from cascading failures.Automation also plays a key role in voltage regulation, frequency control, and load balancing. In traditional power systems, these functions require manual intervention and coordination between multiple operators. Today, advanced automation technologies can manage these tasks continuously by analyzing system data and adjusting parameters to maintain optimal performance. For instance, automatic voltage regulators can dynamically adjust transformer settings based on real-time measurements, ensuring stable voltage levels across the grid even during peak loads or sudden demand changes.Another important aspect of power automation is energy monitoring and data analysis. Automated power systems are equipped with smart meters, digital relays, and monitoring devices that provide real-time visibility into energy flows, consumption patterns, and system health. This data can be stored and analyzed to improve future decision-making, optimize maintenance schedules, and predict potential failures before they occur. Energy providers use this information to forecast demand, reduce energy losses, and improve overall efficiency.Communication technologies form the backbone of automated power systems. Using protocols such as IEC 61850, DNP3, and modern Ethernet-based standards, different parts of the system can exchange data seamlessly and in real time. This interconnectedness allows for centralized or distributed control, depending on the design of the system. Centralized control centers can manage wide areas of the power grid, while local automation devices ensure that immediate decisions can be made even if communication with the control center is interrupted.The integration of renewable energy sources—such as solar, wind, and hydro—has further increased the complexity of modern power grids, making automation even more crucial. Unlike conventional generation, renewables are variable and less predictable. Automated systems help balance the intermittent nature of these sources with real-time load demand, storage systems, and backup generators to ensure stable grid operation. Furthermore, automation supports the development of smart grids, where consumers become active participants by producing energy, storing it, and adjusting usage based on dynamic pricing and demand signals.In conclusion, the automation of power supply systems is a transformative approach that enhances the resilience, adaptability, and sustainability of electricity networks. By leveraging intelligent technologies, data analytics, and real-time control, modern power systems can meet growing energy demands while ensuring reliability, reducing environmental impact, and enabling the transition toward cleaner and smarter energy solutions.Elements of an automated system: (1) power, (2) program of instructions, and (3) control systems.Traditional Power Supply Systems.In traditional power supply systems, the operation and maintenance of electrical infrastructure relied heavily on manual labor. Technicians and engineers were required to be physically present to operate switches, monitor voltages and currents, and identify faults. In the past, analog meters were used to measure system parameters, and the data was recorded manually, which often resulted in delays and inaccuracies. Outages or faults were typically identified only after consumers reported them, resulting in delayed response times and more frequent service interruptions. The absence of centralized control made it challenging to coordinate the entire system, and the safety of personnel was at a greater risk due to their direct contact with high-voltage equipment. Furthermore, scalability was restricted, and real-time optimization of resources was nearly unattainable.Main Elements of the Automation System: SCADA and PLC.Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are two foundational technologies that have revolutionized modern industrial automation. These systems are widely implemented across numerous industries including manufacturing, oil and gas, power generation and distribution, water treatment, transportation, and many others where monitoring and control of large-scale processes are essential. While each system plays a distinct role, their integration creates a highly efficient and reliable infrastructure that enables industries to operate with increased accuracy, safety, and cost-effectiveness.PLCs are the brains behind localized control operations. Designed to withstand harsh industrial environments, PLCs are robust microprocessor-based devices used to automate electromechanical processes. They continuously receive input signals from sensors and other field devices such as temperature gauges, pressure switches, proximity sensors, and flow meters. Based on pre-written logic programmed through ladder diagrams or function block programming, the PLC analyzes these inputs and generates corresponding outputs that control actuators, motors, valves, and other equipment. One of the defining features of a PLC is its ability to perform real-time control, ensuring minimal delay between signal input and action. This capability makes PLCs ideal for time-sensitive processes such as assembly lines, packaging systems, and robotic arms.On a broader scale, SCADA systems function as the supervisory layer that collects and visualizes data from multiple PLCs and other controllers dispersed across different geographical locations. A SCADA system typically consists of a combination of hardware and software that provides operators with the ability to observe, manage, and analyze process data through Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs). These HMIs display real-time information in the form of digital dashboards, trend charts, alarm systems, and graphical representations of processes. SCADA systems are not only used for monitoring but also for sending commands to PLCs, adjusting setpoints, starting or stopping machines, and coordinating system-wide actions based on real-time data analytics.The integration of SCADA and PLC technologies creates a hierarchical control system where PLCs handle the real-time, localized control tasks and SCADA oversees the high-level supervision, decision-making, and optimization. This layered architecture allows industries to operate with enhanced transparency, scalability, and responsiveness. For instance, in a water treatment facility, PLCs may control the opening and closing of valves based on water level sensors, while SCADA monitors water quality, flow rates, and energy consumption across the entire plant and even multiple sites. Operators can then use SCADA interfaces to respond to alarms, generate reports, and adjust operational parameters as needed.Communication is a vital element of any SCADA-PLC system. Industrial protocols such as Modbus, PROFIBUS, EtherNet/IP, and OPC are commonly used to enable seamless data exchange between PLCs and SCADA systems. With the advancement of networking technologies, remote access to SCADA systems has become increasingly common, allowing engineers and managers to supervise operations from anywhere via secure internet connections.Moreover, as industries move toward digital transformation and embrace Industry 4.0 principles, SCADA and PLC systems are evolving with added capabilities. Modern PLCs now come with built-in networking, data logging, and even artificial intelligence features. SCADA systems, on the other hand, are being enhanced with cloud connectivity, mobile access, and advanced analytics. Cybersecurity is also becoming a top priority, as industrial control systems are increasingly targeted by cyber threats. New SCADA architectures are being designed with encryption, multi-level authentication, and anomaly detection to protect critical infrastructure.In conclusion, SCADA and PLC systems together form the backbone of industrial automation by bridging the gap between machine-level control and enterprise-level decision-making. Their ability to work in harmony enables real-time control, effective monitoring, and data-driven optimization of industrial processes. As technology advances, these systems will continue to integrate more intelligent features, driving productivity, reducing operational risks, and shaping the future of smart manufacturing and infrastructure management.Application Areas of Automation.The Automation of power supply is extensively utilized in various sectors, including energy, industry, public utilities, and transportation systems. In power plants, automation systems assist in controlling the operation modes of generators and transformers automatically. In power lines that carry high levels of electricity, real-time monitoring of voltage and current is conducted to enable immediate actions that maintain safe and uninterrupted energy supply to consumers. In industrial settings, automation is employed to enhance productivity, minimize downtime on production lines, and prevent equipment failures.Reducing energy usage is also a key objective. In smart buildings, automated systems manage lighting, heating, cooling, and security, improving user comfort and minimizing energy waste. In public utility services, like water, gas, and heat networks, automation systems ensure stability by continuously monitoring parameters such as pressure, level, and flow. Furthermore, pre-set scenarios are implemented to guarantee an instant reaction in the event of emergencies.Advantages and Disadvantages of Automation.The primary benefits of automated control systems are a decreased reliance on human labor, the ability to make decisions quickly and objectively, the reduction of energy wastage, and the optimization of maintenance requirements. Additionally, real-time data flow enables prompt detection and prevention of failures and malfunctions. Power networks that utilize advanced control systems, such as SCADA and PLC, experience improved stability and reliability, leading to decreased operational expenses and enhanced service quality for consumers. Nevertheless, these systems also have some drawbacks.The initial step in acquiring and installing high-tech equipment necessitates a substantial financial commitment. Additionally, the successful functioning of these systems necessitates the presence of skilled individuals who possess the necessary knowledge and experience. If the training provided to the workforce is inadequate, the smooth operation of the systems may be compromised. One of the main vulnerabilities they face is the risk of cyberattacks, particularly on their SCADA systems, which are controlled remotely, emphasizing the importance of robust cybersecurity measures.Perspectives.Technological advancements in power supply automation are anticipated to improve the functionality and expand the application areas of these systems soon. Particularly, the incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms into control systems will usher automation into a new era. These technologies will allow for the analysis of network data, the prediction of potential issues, and the facilitation of informed decision-making for effective management.Simultaneously, the increasing utilization of renewable energy sources, including solar and wind power, underscores the significance of automated balancing and reserve power management. For example, real-time monitoring and control systems are crucial to guaranteeing the stable integration of solar panels and wind turbines into the power grid. Studies in this field indicate that future smart grid systems will become more adaptable, intelligent, and user-friendly.The Future Importance of Power Supply Automation.As global energy demands continue to rise and infrastructure becomes more intricate, the automation of power supply systems becomes a crucial necessity rather than a mere luxury. In the future, energy grids need to be able to handle fluctuating loads, incorporate renewable energy sources, and adapt to immediate changes in energy usage. The successful attainment of these objectives will heavily rely on automated systems, as they possess the capability to efficiently gather, analyze, and respond to vast amounts of operational data, requiring minimal human involvement. The incorporation of artificial intelligence (ai) and machine learning (ml) into power automation systems is anticipated to bring about a significant transformation in fault prediction, maintenance scheduling, and energy distribution.Additionally, as smart cities continue to grow and the internet of things (iot) becomes more prevalent, the need for power systems that are resilient, responsive, and capable of self-correction will become even more crucial. The development of automated energy infrastructure will play a vital role in supporting the growth of electric vehicle networks, decentralized energy generation (such as solar rooftops), and smart home devices. Consequently, power supply automation will not only improve operational efficiency but also assume a pivotal role in the global shift towards sustainable and intelligent energy management systems.Recommendations and Research Directions.To fully harness the potential of automated power supply systems, it is crucial to consider several recommendations and research areas. First, investment in employee development is essential. Professionals in the engineering and technology fields must possess expertise in digital technologies, cybersecurity, and data analytics to efficiently manage and maintain advanced automated systems. Additionally, more research is required in the creation of secure and compatible communication protocols. As automation systems become more dependent on data exchange, it is crucial to prioritize the confidentiality and integrity of information. Studies on blockchain-based security models and AI-driven intrusion detection systems may provide promising solutions.Another crucial direction is the improvement of energy forecasting models through the application of artificial intelligence. These models can greatly enhance load balancing and fault prevention. Furthermore, the focus on integrating automation technologies with renewable energy sources continues to be a priority. The fluctuating nature of solar and wind energy presents obstacles that can be addressed by employing predictive control and real-time optimization algorithms. Ultimately, it is crucial for governments and regulatory bodies to establish comprehensive frameworks that foster innovation while guaranteeing safety, reliability, and affordability in power automation projects.CONCLUSION.In conclusion, the automation of electrical power supply systems is crucial in improving the reliability, efficiency, and safety of contemporary energy infrastructure. Technologies such as SCADA and PLM have transformed the energy industry by facilitating real-time monitoring, intelligent decision-making, and remote control of energy generation, transmission, and distribution processes. Although the upfront investment and technical knowledge needed for these systems may pose challenges, the long-term advantages—such as lower operational expenses, enhanced system stability, and improved energy management—make these concerns insignificant. As the need for energy increases and renewable sources become more common, the use of advanced automation and artificial intelligence will be crucial for creating power networks that are resilient, adaptable, and sustainable. Ongoing research, financial support for innovation, and the development of skilled professionals will be crucial in fully harnessing the potential of automated energy systems.
Номер журнала Вестник науки №5 (86) том 2
Ссылка для цитирования:
Memmedov E.F., Muradova R.E. AUTOMATIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTIONAL ROLE // Вестник науки №5 (86) том 2. С. 1174 - 1183. 2025 г. ISSN 2712-8849 // Электронный ресурс: https://www.вестник-науки.рф/article/22973 (дата обращения: 20.07.2025 г.)
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