Tapdigov M.T., Mufidzade N.A.
INVESTIGATION OF EXCESSIVE VOLTAGES OCCURRING DURING THE OPENING OF A SHORT CIRCUITED SECTION IN ELECTRICAL NETWORKS *
Аннотация:
to minimize the impact of fault events in electrical power systems, a deep scientific analysis of the dynamics of these processes is essential. In particular, the transient states occurring during short circuit events, including the overvoltages generated when opening the faulted section, have a significant impact on the reliability and technical safety of the power system. Such voltages can lead to the failure of insulation systems, equipment damage, and a degradation in energy quality. The mechanism of these overvoltage occurrences is investigated through theoretical analysis and computer modeling. Within the scope of the study, a typical electrical network model was constructed in the OrCAD software, and voltage signals generated based on simulation results were analyzed. The simulation results indicate that high-amplitude transient over voltages are observed in inductive components during the opening process. The article also proposes initial technological solutions for the causes, consequences, and prevention of these events.
Ключевые слова:
short circuit, overvoltage, simulation, opening operation
Introduction - Modern electrical power systems must meet the demands of high reliability, flexibility, and continuous energy supply. To achieve this, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive analysis and accurate evaluation of the processes occurring during both normal operations and fault events. One of the most critical events in electrical networks, short circuits, causes a sharp increase in current and disrupts the electromagnetic balance of the system. The transient processes resulting from these events affect all elements of the power system and may increase potential damages.During a short circuit event, protection relays and automation systems are activated, and the faulted section is disconnected from the network by circuit breakers. It is during the opening operation that the sudden release of energy accumulated in inductive components leads to the generation of overvoltage in the system. These voltages are usually high-amplitude, short-duration pulses and may result in equipment failure and disruption of the systems stability.Traditional approaches focused primarily on the thermal and mechanical consequences of such events. However, in recent times, it has been scientifically proven that the electromagnetic voltage surges resulting from transient processes are more hazardous for technical systems. The key factor contributing to the generation of such overvoltage is the opening operation taking place when the current signal does not cross zero. In this case, the energy accumulated in the system is suddenly released, forming a high-energy electromagnetic pulse.To study and evaluate the mentioned problems, modeling and simulation methods are necessary. In the research conducted, various opening modes of the system were modeled using OrCAD software, and the generation of overvoltage was observed through graphical representations.The purpose of this article is to investigate the physical nature and conditions under which overvoltage occurs during the opening of a faulted section, to visualize the impact of these events on the network through computer modeling, and to formulate preliminary recommendations for the implementation of preventive technological measures based on the results.Problem Statement - For a long time, short circuit events in electrical networks have primarily been evaluated in terms of the highest current levels reached and their thermal-mechanical effects. However, recent studies have shown that the transient processes occurring during these events can lead to more complex and dangerous outcomes. In particular, the overvoltage generated during the opening of a faulted section can result in severe electromagnetic impacts at any point in the network and cause equipment damage.While there is sufficient information in the existing scientific literature regarding the classification and general behavior of overvoltage, how these events form depending on the systems state at the moment of opening, their frequency of occurrence, impact intensity, and their visual analysis using practical modeling remain unresolved issues. Additionally, the impulses formed due to energy surges in the network have often been evaluated using simplified approaches and have not been analyzed with models that reflect real-world conditions.In this context, the purpose of the present article is to analyze the overvoltage generated during the opening of a faulted section using computer modeling, identify the key technical factors affecting the formation of these overvoltage, and substantiate the results using both analytical and visual methods. The article also includes preliminary proposals for technological measures that could be applied to prevent such events.Solution to the Problem - The types of short circuits cause different effects in various network conditions, and these effects can significantly impact the networks reliability, the continuity of equipment, and the quality of energy supply.To address this, simulations of single-phase, two-phase grounded, and three-phase short circuits were conducted in OrCAD for an isolated neutral electrical network as an example. Different opening modes of the network were modeled, and voltage signals generated from the simulation results were analyzed. These analyses clearly demonstrate the characteristics and formation mechanisms of the overvoltage occurring during the opening of the faulted section in all three modes of the network.It is important to interpret the voltage signals generated due to the short circuit in each network model, as each has unique characteristics. By reviewing the graphs, the amplitude of the overvoltage and its changes over time for each type of short circuit are shown in detail.Single-Phase Short Circuit – In a single-phase short circuit, the voltage variations occurring in the other phases of the network are more impulsive in nature. In such short circuits, when the faulted section is opened, high-amplitude voltage surges are observed in the network. These surges can cause the insulation systems to fail and damage electrical equipment.Figure 1. Overvoltage Generated at the Moment of Opening the Faulted Section during a Single-Phase Short Circuit. Two-Phase Grounded Short Circuit – The overvoltage generated during a two-phase grounded short circuit is more complex and creates different types of impulses in each phase of the network. In this case, the electromagnetic pulses generated as a result of the opening of the faulted section add extra load to the network and can disrupt the stability of the system.Figure 2. Overvoltage Generated at the Moment of Opening the Faulted Section during a Two-Phase Grounded Short Circuit. Three-Phase Short Circuit – Three-phase short circuits are considered one of the most dangerous types of damage, as the voltages generated in all three phases interact with each other, leading to the formation of high-energy electromagnetic pulses. During this event, significant unequal energy flows and voltage waves are created in the network. These types of pulses can especially cause damage to equipment that transmits large amounts of power.Figure 3. Overvoltage Generated at the Moment of Opening the Faulted Section during a Three-Phase Short Circuit. Simulation Results - The graphs below illustrate the overvoltage generated when the faulted section is opened for various types of short circuits. Each graph is based on the simulation results obtained using OrCAD software and shows the variation of the generated voltage impulses over time. The graphs clearly demonstrate that the characteristics of the voltage surges and their impact on the network differ for each type of short circuit.Technological Solutions - Several technological measures are proposed to prevent the generation of overvoltage. These include the establishment of advanced protection systems that allow early detection of short circuits, the use of special filters to limit voltage surges, and the implementation of automated control systems that can respond more effectively to the network. These solutions can help protect network equipment and improve the reliability of the energy system.Conclusion - The research and simulations conducted have revealed that the overvoltage generated during the opening of the faulted section in a short circuit event has a significant impact on the reliability of the network and the durability of equipment. These overvoltages, especially observed as high-amplitude transient impulses in inductive components during the opening operation, can disrupt the stable operation of the energy system. The computer modeling approach proposed in this article provides a better understanding of the visual analysis and formation mechanism of these events. Additionally, the results of this research lay the groundwork for experts to implement new technological solutions and protection systems to prevent overvoltage. In conclusion, the article offers recommendations for enhancing the safety and reliability of energy networks.
Номер журнала Вестник науки №5 (86) том 3
Ссылка для цитирования:
Tapdigov M.T., Mufidzade N.A. INVESTIGATION OF EXCESSIVE VOLTAGES OCCURRING DURING THE OPENING OF A SHORT CIRCUITED SECTION IN ELECTRICAL NETWORKS // Вестник науки №5 (86) том 3. С. 2097 - 2103. 2025 г. ISSN 2712-8849 // Электронный ресурс: https://www.вестник-науки.рф/article/23250 (дата обращения: 09.07.2025 г.)
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