Soham Mukherjee
ADVANCES IN ANATOMY: HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING CEREBROSPINAL FLUID-A PUZZLE SINCE CENTURIES *
Аннотация:
in this paper researched advances in anatomy: human brain mapping cerebrospinal fluida puzzle since centuries
Ключевые слова:
medical, brain, human brain mapping
1. Cerebrospinal fluid (Latin: liquor cerebrospinalis) is a liquid occupying subarachnoid space (cavum subarachnoideale) and brain ventricles (ventricules cerebri) . Cerebrospinal fluid was not really discovered in terms of its liquid state of matter until the early 16th century A.D. It took three more centuries for physicians to become aware of its cerebrospinal location. Previously, it was thought that cerebral ventricles contained “spiritus animalis” (spirit of the animal). According to Schaltenbrand, cerebrospinal fluid found in humans and other higher vertebrates replaced the ocean, where 3.5 billion years ago the life had begun. Robertson claims that cerebrospinal fluid comes from amniotic fluid by conversion of the colloidal molecules throughout the embryonic life. It is known and generally accepted by medical historians that cerebrospinal fluid has been discovered by Domenico Cotugno. 2. ‘‘Spiritus Animalis’: Idea Resonating through Centuries From the ancient times to the 16th century, based on the beliefs of Hippocrates from Kos (460–370 B.C.) and Claudius Galen from Pergamon (130–200 A.D.), it was thought that“pneuma psychikon” with its mental functions was located within the cerebral ventricles .As far as Galen’s role in the history of medicine is undoubted, not necessarily all the scientists analyzed his texts literally. It was Irani who referring to the research of Torack ascribed the description of the cerebrospinal fluid to Galen. Torack, in turn, gave full credit to Galen for the discovery of the choroid plexus as a site of production of cerebrospinal fluid in his publication of 1982, based on the usefulness of parts of the body, Galen’s work translated into English in 1968. According to Conly and Ronald (although without providing the sources) it was Galen who described cerebrospinal fluid as a “vaporous humor in the ventricles that provided energy to the entire body”. Before Galen, Herophilos of Chalcedon (335–280 B.C.), regarded as the father of anatomy and known for founding a medical school in Alexandria, was the one who described all the cerebral ventricles, although there was no claim about any fluid within them. On reading some anatomy textbooks written by famous physicians,it should be stated that Galen’s ingenious idea of “spiritus animalis” as the key conception to understand the function of the nervous system survived through centuries—over the Dark Ages—up to the 18th century. According to Longatti, the ancient anatomists stated that there was some “vapor” inside ventricles, which condensed into water due to temperature decrease after the death of a human. Therefore, cerebrospinal fluid could not exist in living humans.During the period between the Ancient Times and the Renaissance there were no autopsies performed. The first public autopsy was undertaken by the greatest Bolognese anatomist, Mondino de Luzzi, in 1315 . Only when autopsies became more popular, Andreas Vesalius, a Flemish scholar practicing in Padua, described in his phenomenal and revolutionary anatomy work De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem of 1543 four cerebral ventricles containing choroid plexuse.It is important to mention the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci from 1490, reflecting models of the cerebral ventricles,probably based on the work of Galen. There were also later drawings created between 1504 and 1507 based on the wax molding of the bovine cerebrum reflecting anatomical details quite accurately, but unfortunately they were inaccessible for centuries. Nevertheless, cerebral ventricles were illustrated even more accurately in the work of 1523 by Berengario da Carpi called Isagoge Breves Di. Cerebrospinal fluid’s research was placed on an entirely new footing eighteen years later, when a Venetian physi-cian, Nicolo Massa, in his Latin work Liber Introductorius Anatomiae described a “large amount” of fluid within cerebral ventricles. In his original work in chapter XXXVIII De modo seccandi cerebri substantia ut ventriculos omnes videre possis et alias pres on page 84 Massa wrote:[ventricles are always full or semifull of watery substance mentioned. Giorgio Baglivi, one of the famous physicians in the 18th century, was not only discoverer of fibrillar theory but accord-ing to Zurak also a pioneer in cerebrospinal fluid/blood barrier conception. In my opinion, he also presented the concept of cerebrospinal production/absorption homeostasis in 1703. 3. Shift towards Awareness of Fluid’s Presence Vesalius, Varolio, Glisson, and Haller were all aware of the fact that there was no “pneuma psychicon” within cerebral ventricles but rather cerebrospinal fluid . In 1692, Antonio Mario Valsalva described the presence of cerebrospinal fluid within subarachnoid space surrounding spinal cord, while performing a canine spinal cord cross section. Over half a century later, in 1747, Albrecht von Haller described fluid within cerebral ventricles and on the surface of the hemispheres. He also revealed his concept of cerebrospinal fluid circulation as fluid secreted by the arteries and reab-sorbed into venous system. Moreover, he was the first to describe physicochemical characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid such as its viscosity or coagulation under the influence of alcohol, strong acids, and high temperatures of 150∘C .Between 1741 and 1744 Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish engineer and visionary, revealed a detailed description of cerebrospinal fluid in manuscript that was not published until 1887. The document itself allegedly did not have a major influence on the development of the neuroanatomy or neurophysiology, as the Swedenborg’s biographers claim.In the 18th century the theory of contractile activity of the dura mater became dominant at the cost of Galen’s“spiritus animalis” theory. Although Macbride rejected the idea declaring “the dura mater to be the first mover of the nervous, as the heart is of the vascular system”, he reported in his English textbook of 1772 the existence of “nervous fluid” . He was also aware of fluid’s secretion in the brain: “Notwithstanding the impossibility of demonstrating a nervous fluid [...] but a secretion is carried on there”.
Номер журнала Вестник науки №12 (21) том 2
Ссылка для цитирования:
Soham Mukherjee ADVANCES IN ANATOMY: HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING CEREBROSPINAL FLUID-A PUZZLE SINCE CENTURIES // Вестник науки №12 (21) том 2. С. 190 - 194. 2019 г. ISSN 2712-8849 // Электронный ресурс: https://www.вестник-науки.рф/article/2421 (дата обращения: 26.04.2024 г.)
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